University of QomIranian Journal of International and Comparative Law2980-92821120230101Announcement352435ENMostafaFazaeliAssociate Professor, Qom University, Qom, Iran.Journal Article20230314As an ancient land, Iran (formerly known as Persia) has been the cradle of human culture and civility since time immemorial and has been home to one of the most gorgeous and significant old civilizations of humanity. The geographical and civilizational status of Iran situated at the crossroad of three continents and on the trade routes between great civilizations from China to Rome has facilitated the Iranians contact with various ethnic groups from Greeks and Arabs to Turks and Tatars in such a way that they link East to West in reality.<br />In spite of its plurality and multiplicity of cultures and their continuous diversity and development, Iran’s territory has been governed by a pervasive cultural flow which is survived and preserved through an internal unity against its seeming plurality. The mechanism of such unity and integrity against various pressures resides in the cultural openness, meticulous selection of foreign elements and the moral and rational compatibility with the surrounding environment and pressures which has led to the survival and preservation of the Iranian identity.<br />The constituting elements of Iranian civilization which is the fruit of confluence and association of different cultures are mainly ancient Iranian culture, Islamic culture and modernity that, in varying degrees, are combined with each other. The Iranians’ character has been such that instead of “self” and “other”, the emphasis has been put on right and wrong as a touchstone and assessment of affairs according to human nature. And it is, indeed, for this very reason they have then embraced Islam.<br />Accordingly, this territory has definitely lent a notable contribution to the formation, development and consummation of the world culture and civilization. Law, a salient manifestation of civility, does have a venerable history in Iran which, as a consequence, has influenced the legal civilization’s system of human societies. The long-lasting legacies of different periods of the life of this enduring territory’s people are expressive evidence of this historical fact. The Charter of Cyrus the Great which has been frequently referred to in the course of the historical development of law in general and human rights in particular is a clear evidence for this claim. Having embraced Islam besides their own civilizations’ humane and rational values, Iranians have remarkably benefited from the unique capacity of the revelational and rational teachings of Islam and its legal system (Sharīah). Combining the achievements and capabilities of these two cultures, they have created a glorious civilization which can be called the Iranian-Islamic Civilization.<br />Although this great civilization has been through the vicissitudes over time, it has had a constructive influence on the overall process of human progress. A culture and civilization with so distinctive, and perhaps unparalleled in some respects, capabilities and background should not then remain in anonymity and the world should not be deprived of its relative advantages nor should she deprive herself of benefitting from the relative advantages of other civilizations. It is specifically incumbent on the academicians of human societies to facilitate interaction and sharing of thoughts between the different communities so as to resolve the grounds for misunderstandings, enhance the possibilities for convergence and synergy, and make the world a safer, more convivial and peaceful place for the human societies to live through mutual understanding. A shared intelligible language is the means to establishing such interaction and in effect creating empathy and integration between human societies.<br />In this vein, professors at the University of Qom’s Faculty of Law’s International Law Department took the initiative to publish the <em>Iranian Journal of International and Comparative Law (IJICL)</em> in English. Several professors and jurists from other universities also help with the process to provide a suitable ground for communicating the views of Iranian jurists on international legal issues and dealing with Iran-related international legal questions as well as open a new door to the expert opinions of professors, thinkers and researchers of rest of the world on these issues and other different topics of international and comparative law.<br />Therefore, it can be said that IJICL which is published biannually from the early 2023 is an independent scientific organ of the Iranian legal community started its publication mainly with the following goals:<br />- Reflecting the Iranian perspective (the Iranian jurists) on international law;<br />- Reconsidering the role and contribution of Iranian-Islamic legal culture and civilization in the formation and evolution of international law;<br />- Reviewing Iran's international legal issues both descriptively and analytically;<br />- Identifying and rethinking the views of different legal systems on various national and international legal issues;<br />- Benefitting from recent legal achievements of human cultures and civilizations in order to reinforce global convergence and solidarity to overcome any untruthfulness, chaos, insecurity and injustice.<br />In line with the above-cited objectives, IJICL editorial will be more than glad to receive distinguished methodical papers (full article, insight article, state practice, and book review) in the fields of international and comparative law authored by thinkers, professors and researchers around the world and submitted to the Journal’s site. The Journal is proudly run under the scientific supervision of an editorial board consisting of several eminent field scholars from different parts of the world. It also benefits from the consultation of an informed advisory board. International Law professors and specialists are welcome to join the editorial/ advisory board.<br />Hereby, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the esteemed members of editorial board and advisory board for their generous assistance to the Journal. I am also very grateful to all reviewers for their expert opinions. Officials at the University of Qom deserve special appreciation for their unwavering support: Dr. Ahmad Hossein Sharifi (President of the University), Dr. Saeed Farahani (Vice-president for Research and Technology), Dr. Ali Ehsani (Director of Research and Technology), Dr. Seyyed Hassan Shobeiri (Dean of Faculty of Law), Dr. Seyyed Yaser Ziaee (Research and Cultural Vice-president of the Faculty of Law) and Mohammad Reza Shojai (Director of the University Journals Office). Journal staff at the University of Qom and some public and international law Ph. D. students and researchers should be thanked for their kind help, too. May God bless them with all the happiness and success in their life.<br />In the end, it is hoped that by the grace of God and blessings of Imam Mahdi (PBUH) and the cooperation of all officials and colleagues, the Journal can succeed in achieving the related goals and go always through a dynamic and growing path. Amen.https://ijicl.qom.ac.ir/article_2435_c1955c3ea38af365d1dceef9d670b732.pdfUniversity of QomIranian Journal of International and Comparative Law2980-92821120230101The Contemporary Development of a Global Constitutionalism622231810.22091/ijicl.2022.8150.1036ENGabriel Diniz De AzevedoGodeiroResearch Group of International Human Rights Law, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, BrazilThiago OliveiraMoreiraAdjunct Professor IV at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Undergraduate and Masters). Doctor and Master in Law from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). Master in Law from UFRN.Journal Article20220513In the current globalized scenario, in view of the existence of phenomena and dynamics that go beyond state territories, of the integration of States in supranational and globally considered political systems, it is possible to perceive the emergence of new forms of political-legal organization in the international community that raise constitutionals conceptions beyond the classical perspective of the State-centered Constitution Theory. Thus, in view of the manifestation of a quantitative and qualitative growth of international law based on the identification of constitutional elements, an issue that has been gaining importance in debates and in the internationalist agenda, the problem to be developed asks: how is the development of Global Constitutionalism composed? considering the common challenges of the globalized world that transcend state borders, the confusion between external and internal limits, as well as the transformations of law in the international order, it is necessary to analyze the present content due to the need to point out directions by where you can tread the reflection in relation to the development of Global Constitutionalism. In this sense, the present study intends to find theoretical trends that compose the identification of the development process of the Global Constitutionalism paradigm. To answer the exposed problem, some objectives need to be achieved. Initially, an overview of the perspective of classical constitutional theory will be carried out. Then, we move on to the observation of the manifestation of Constitutionalism beyond the State. Finally, trends and aspects of the development of Global Constitutionalism will be examined.https://ijicl.qom.ac.ir/article_2318_f74597d0b0b1dd65dc12185719396458.pdfUniversity of QomIranian Journal of International and Comparative Law2980-92821120230101Law or Love: Contemporary Family from Postmodern Perspectives with Deference to Islamic Viewpoints2334231010.22091/ijicl.2022.8234.1043ENMohammad JavadJavidProfessor of Law Faculty, University of Tehran, Iran0000-0002-6888-0361Journal Article20220523Postmodernism in the contemporary world<strong> </strong>asserts that there is neither a dominant nor an ideal marriage form as monogamy or even a classical family type. Unlike modernists who sought human issues as permanent entities, postmodernists believe in everything to be of a transient nature. In the same vein, they argue that love and law are ephemeral rather than eternal entities. <em>Mariage blanc</em> has increased in many aspects corollary to this ideology. In a world of no restrictions, postmodernists indulge in short and diverse satisfactions, whereas the classic world believed that long-lasting personal relationships are more important to personal fulfillment and happiness. Therefore, attitude toward marriage for a durable satisfaction is subdued to having a serious relationship. It seems, however, that quality in the relationships is superseded by quantity in the postmodern era.https://ijicl.qom.ac.ir/article_2310_6ac32183885700d1aeec27c0f6e00918.pdfUniversity of QomIranian Journal of International and Comparative Law2980-92821120230101Legal Status of Child Marriage in International Human Rights Law and the Law of Iran3556222010.22091/ijicl.2022.7862.1011ENSeyed YaserZiaeeAssociate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of QomReyhanehZandiPh.D. student in International Law, Qom University0000-0002-5220-4211Journal Article20220130Protection of the children is one of the most important concerns in international human rights law. Child marriage is recognized as one of the forms of child abuse. The first step for elimination of child marriage is legal definition of the child. Lots of treaties have tried to determine the minimum age of a person before which he or she cannot marry. This article examines the criteria for recognizing an individual as a child and consequently child marriage in the international human rights system and domestic laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Treaties relating rights of the child do not clarify a specified minimum age for marriage except the Convention on the Rights of the Child in which a child is defined as a person below the age of 18. This criterion is based on an age-oriented approach and is aimed at homogenization of girls and boys. In contrast, in the law of Iran it is based on an interest-oriented one and it is relied on a multiple-criteria approach comprised of legal (physical or sexual) maturity, mental growth, religious maturity and guardian consent which has resulted in a more rational and defensible approach.https://ijicl.qom.ac.ir/article_2220_2bab32473c064879a4dc09e9888af442.pdfUniversity of QomIranian Journal of International and Comparative Law2980-92821120230101Syrian Asylum Seekers in Türkiye in Light of Internal and International Law: Lessons from Today for the Future5769225110.22091/ijicl.2022.7821.1010ENDikran MZenginkuzucuAssociate Professor, Istanbul University, TurkeyAhmad RezaTowhidiinternational law department,
faculty of law
university of qom0000-0002-3852-0920Journal Article20220121International refugee law has its origins in the aftermath of World War II as well as the refugee crises of the interwar years that preceded it. In the context of the Syrian conflict, more than 3.6 million Syrian asylum seekers are under temporary protection in Türkiye. As this country is the number one host country for Syrian asylum seekers in the world. One of the current discussions about the fate of Syrian asylum seekers in Türkiye is their status after the end of temporary protection. In this context, the regulations on the end of temporary protection in Turkish legislation will be discussed in light of global standards on international protection. The aim of this study is to discuss Article 11 of the Turkish Temporary Protection Regulation in comparison with the UNHCR Guidelines on Temporary Protection or Residence Arrangements and International Humanitarian Law. In this context, the conditions for the termination of temporary protection, the legal and policy basis for a decision to return asylum seekers, the conditions for acquiring Turkish citizenship, and the compliance of Turkish legislation with global standards are discussed. This study will stand for a decision to terminate based on the voluntariness of asylum seekers in accordance with UNHCR guidelines.https://ijicl.qom.ac.ir/article_2251_a2e1e57ba432b9b192428051fc017da2.pdfUniversity of QomIranian Journal of International and Comparative Law2980-92821120230101An Investigation into the Right of Return of the Palestinian Refugees from the Perspective of International Human Rights Law7087231710.22091/ijicl.2022.7790.1009ENMostafaFazaeliAssociate Professor of Department of International Law, Law faculty, University of Qom, IranSaeedMokhtariPh.D. Student of International Law, Law Faculty, University of Qom, Iran0000-0001-7620-0058Journal Article20220114The return of Palestinian refugees to their ancestral lands remains a pressing human, political and legal issue in the third millennium. The present study aims at exploring the legal status of Palestinian refugees as well as investigating their right of return to their lands in an international law framework. In so doing, the role of nationality and the principle of genuine link between claimants of the right of return and the country of origin are examined. It is concluded that considering the historical context of the Palestinian territories, part of which is now called Israel and the other part is under the control of the Palestinian state, Palestinian refugees can pursue and demand their right of return. Obviously, neither the passage of time nor the refusal of the Israeli side undermines the existence and validity of their claim for the right of return. Library data and field studies are used in delineating concepts, analyzing theories and confirming research hypothesis in the study.https://ijicl.qom.ac.ir/article_2317_c75025aac6025fd67558a6f4f7aedf99.pdfUniversity of QomIranian Journal of International and Comparative Law2980-92821120230101A Critical View towards U.S. Claim of Preemptive Self-Defense in the Assassination of General Qasem Soleimani8899230810.22091/ijicl.2022.7522.1001ENMohammadKhorshidi AtharCriminal Law ResearcherSeyed HesamadinLesaniAssociate Professor, International Law, Hazrat-e Masoumeh University, Qom, IranJournal Article20220415The reason claimed by the Government of the United States (hereinafter the US) for the assassination of General Qasem Soleimani (General Soleimani) was to prevent imminent attacks. This allegation implicitly evokes the Doctrine of "Preemptive Self-Defense". This article evaluates the US claim in the attack of General Soleimani as a preemptive self-defense through a critical analysis. The US resort to the doctrine of preemptive self-defense for the assassination lacks legal validity and is especially contrary to the provisions of the UN Charter, particularly Article (51). This assassination can be considered the illegal use of force by the US. According to the principle of prohibition on the use of force in international law practice, any premeditated attack before the beginning of armed aggression is not considered self-defense. Moreover, the US evidence in proving an imminent strike from General Soleimani is inadequate and unjustifying.https://ijicl.qom.ac.ir/article_2308_95f66b48bdd24acee1d52f8054c4a2fc.pdfUniversity of QomIranian Journal of International and Comparative Law2980-92821120230101Armed Conflict in Yemen: An Illustration of the Pertinence and Deficiencies of Existing IHL Rules100113221810.22091/ijicl.2022.7647.1004ENMarcoSassoliProfessor of International Law, Department of International Law and International Organization, Faculty of Law, University of GenevaJournal Article20211204The armed conflict in Yemen is one of the most devastating and catastrophic crises the international community is currently facing. It is entering its seventh year. This situation has raised numerous questions under International Humanitarian Law (IHL) as the set of rules the main aim of which is to limit the effects of armed conflicts for humanitarian reasons. This is also an occasion to test the pertinence and efficiency of IHL rules in the face of current armed conflicts. Accordingly, the present article seeks to study certain important issues in IHL raised by Yemen armed conflict. Doing so, firstly, the type of armed conflict in Yemen is addressed (1). Then, it goes through the principles of distinction, proportionality and precautions (2). Thereafter, the issues of blockade and siege are dealt with (3). After that, the situation of certain persons is examined (4). And finally, the very challenging and significant question of humanitarian assistance is studied (5). I will conclude that most of the humanitarian problems except the issue of humanitarian assistance and sieges are adequately regulated by IHL and that the problem is mainly that those rules are not respected. The controversy about the classification of the conflict, whether it is an international armed conflict (IAC) or a non-international armed conflict (NIAC), does not fundamentally affect those rules.https://ijicl.qom.ac.ir/article_2218_192d56b4e9069910acfffab2c2c66502.pdfUniversity of QomIranian Journal of International and Comparative Law2980-92821120230101Investigating the Theoretical Foundations of Human Rights in Islamic Thought; With a Brief Overview of International Law's Perspective114131224210.22091/ijicl.2022.8032.1025ENHosseinJavan ArastehAssociate Professor, Department of Law and Social Jurisprudence, Research Institute of Hawza (Seminary) and University, Qom, Islamic Republic of Iran0000-0003-2377-2460MousaKaramiPh. D. Candidate in Public International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom, Qom, Iran0000-0002-7536-8972Journal Article20220316The present article seeks to investigate the theoretical foundations of human rights in Islamic thought. It would briefly overview the foundations of human rights in international law as well. By reflecting on the epistemological, cosmological and anthropological foundations of human rights in Islamic thought we can reach a realistic view relating to human being and his/her identity thereby justify human rights. Divine rights include two collections of rights: statutory rights that are recognized for human beings in the Book and Sunnah and those rights that are originated from Fitrah and nature. From an Islamic point of view, there is no contrast between Divine rights and those originated from Fitrah. Using reason and the revelation, legal school of Islam is one of the most reliable and reasonable sources for clarifying Fitrah and natural rights. Basing human rights on dignity is logical when correlation between human being and dignity is referred to correlation between humanity and dignity. That being the case, potentiality of humanity leads to potentiality of dignity and the actuality of the former results in the actuality of the latter. All of the results of secular human rights are not necessarily in contradiction with Islamic views and there are cases in which, despite difference in foundations, similar results can be seen. Accordingly, most of the articles of UHRD can be confirmed by Muslims.https://ijicl.qom.ac.ir/article_2242_7bda50386ca636571c12f4dcbc89f375.pdfUniversity of QomIranian Journal of International and Comparative Law2980-92821120230101Human Religiosity, Diplomacy, and the Use of Force132149221910.22091/ijicl.2022.7580.1002ENGiancarloAnelloDusic Dept. University of Parma, Italy0000-0002-3131-821XJournal Article20211114In the classical system of international law, states have largely used religion as an instrument in their reciprocal relations. This “instrumental” interpretation of religion was often a reason of conflict rather the ground of religious freedom. Since its origins, yet, the international legal system has changed and it is reasonable to ask what role religion plays at present day in international relations. The present article aims at suggesting that religion – or more exactly “religiosity” – can be an element of diplomacy. Taking the transformation from International to “global law” into account, this article promotes a constructive, not-more instrumental, role of religion, useful to prevent the States from the use of force. In so doing, it offers some insights into the differences between “religion” and “religiosity” in the contemporary human rights’ discourse; analyzes the recent involvement of religious leaders in global law; presents the emergence of a new methodology, called “Religious Diplomacy”. This methodology is supported by the increased number of international provisions encouraging a major engagement of religious actors into diplomacy. As a result, international community could enhance human religiosity as a factor of diplomacy. International organizations such as United Nations, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and European Union should use their convening power to initiate new, multi-layered frameworks of engagement, inclusive of the representatives of global religions. This could make multilateralism more fit for purpose and have a major impact over time on the global peaceful relations among states and international actors.https://ijicl.qom.ac.ir/article_2219_dbb8ed983a6c09add1da42bced905d54.pdfUniversity of QomIranian Journal of International and Comparative Law2980-92821120230101Protecting Animals Rights in Armed Conflicts from the Perspective of Islam and International Humanitarian Law150160225710.22091/ijicl.2022.8372.1047ENAliMashhadiAssociate Professor, Public&amp;International law Department,Qom University0000-0001-8439-1384AzizollahFahimiAssociate Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law, Qom UniversityJournal Article20220705Nowadays, the effects and consequences of armed conflicts are not limited to human beings and they adversely affect the environment and many species of animals as well. Animals are considered to be the unknown and forgotten victims of armed conflicts. In international humanitarian law (IHL) this issue is largely ignored and there are only few rules that indirectly and ambiguously deal with the protection of animals during armed conflict. However, in the sources of Islamic law there are explicit rules and regulations that directly protect the rights of animals during the war. These rules fall into two different categories. First, those concerned with those animals which are used during the conflict as tools and methods of warfare and are regarded as part of military property and equipment. Second, those relating to animals that are not used in the conflict but are affected by the effects and consequences of the war similar to civilians and individuals who do not have a direct participation in hostilities. This study attempts to comparatively examine the relevant rules and principles in IHL and Islam. Based on the findings of the paper, it could be concluded that due to inadequacy and insufficiency of IHL concerning the protection of animal rights during armed conflicts, it appears to be necessary to develop new rules in this regard and employing the existing sources such as religious ones, including Islamic teachings, that are closely linked with ethical treatment of animals.https://ijicl.qom.ac.ir/article_2257_39f4891dd75752838c0581d7a0070627.pdfUniversity of QomIranian Journal of International and Comparative Law2980-92821120230101Formulating a Protocol for Decommissioning of Offshore Oil and Gas Installations in the Gulf of Guinea Region: A Comparative Study161174225610.22091/ijicl.2022.8325.1046ENOnyedikachi JosiahAlozieC/o Department of International and Comparative Law, Faculty of Law, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus.0000-0001-8221-1060Journal Article20220620Oil and Gas exploration and exploitations have been ongoing for more than half a century in the Gulf of Guinea (GoG). However, recent discoveries of oil and gas deposits deep offshore along the coast of the GoG has increased exploration activities. Removal of offshore installation is a rigorous and complicated process which needs stringent regulations to ensure environmental protection of marine life and ensure safety of navigation at sea among other issues. Therefore, as these oil and gas installations approach the end of their productive life, removal of these installations from the marine environment becomes inevitable. Consequently, the need for the existence of a regional legal framework or policy to govern the removal process within the GoG becomes imperative. Using the doctrinal approach, the paper examines treaty provisions which are binding on individual member States, as well as their obligations under the GoG Commission in relation to the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf (GCS), the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the 1972 London Dumping Convention, and the 1981 Abidjan Convention. The paper finds that the absence of a regional protocol or legal framework on removal of offshore installations creates chaos for the marine environment when removal issues arise in the future along the coast of the GoG. It concludes by making recommendations for a regional legal framework to ensure the smooth removal of installations in the future.https://ijicl.qom.ac.ir/article_2256_ccae76c1d8b46c13ea719090182abf6b.pdfUniversity of QomIranian Journal of International and Comparative Law2980-92821120230101A Comparative Overview on the European Microstates Constitutionalism175182227910.22091/ijicl.2022.8008.1022ENFabioRatto TrabuccoDepartment of Law, University of Venice, Venice, ItalyJournal Article20220613The European microstates offer a notable lesson for both constitutional law and, generally speaking, the theory of state. The article analyzes this typology of state with a comparative method about constitutionalism of them. Indeed, in the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the concept of state was related, according to these disciplines and Hegel’s thought, not only to power, i.e. state power itself but also to “outward power”, that is authority at the international level. It is well known that our understanding of state power has changed since then. But, if a key factor in guaranteeing independence at the international level occurred to be might rather than power, something microstates are not familiar with. The result of the contribution is that European microstates teach us a precious lesson: the state is not only a question of power but also of might, the last one understood as the power to perform at the international level. https://ijicl.qom.ac.ir/article_2279_16087d02797ce887f314c43970097954.pdfUniversity of QomIranian Journal of International and Comparative Law2980-92821120230101Studying the Conditions for Acquisition of Iranian Citizenship by the Children Resulting from the Marriage of Iranian Women to Foreign Men183193223910.22091/ijicl.2022.7863.1012ENAliHaddadzadeh Shakibalaw, law, private law0000-0002-6004-9207Journal Article20220131The conception of nationality is about the place someone is born— in reality the place of his/her birth land. Hence Nationality is relating to the place of birth and can often be regarded as ethnic or racial matter. The right of nationality is the most important and cardinal title of human right. Therefore, International law assigns that States provisions to the persons nationalities is not arbitrary and they have to observe their human rights obligations relating the grant and loss of people nationality. Hence, lack of nationality for someone, make him/her have no chance for school, doctor appointment, job, bank account, or even marriage right_ all the most necessary rights_. Nevertheless, Millions of people all over the world are out of nationality and are regarded stateless ! The conception of stateless is about one who is considered as a nationless, without any legal and political support and protection by a Sovereignty. For more explication of nationality importance, there is a number of regional and international human rights concerning the right to a nationality. Article 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights indicate “[e]veryone has the right to a nationality” and that “[n]o one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationalityhttps://ijicl.qom.ac.ir/article_2239_5d765f15d7d31f1fa2898a3a5679aee5.pdfUniversity of QomIranian Journal of International and Comparative Law2980-92821120230101Book Review of Encyclopedia of Public International Law in Asia (Seokwoo Lee, ed. 2021)194197232710.22091/ijicl.2022.8569.1049ENZahraHasanjanzadehUniversity of QomJournal Article20220905The Encyclopedia of Public International Law in Asia copyrighted in 2021(3 regional volumes) is an invaluable work of numerous distinguished authors. This comprehensive collection drafted by eminent academic scholars, describes how Asian States deal and interact with public international law. The book organized in 16 State Volumes, reveals the examination of international law and its application in Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central and South Asia. This reference work has a distinctive feature, compared with others of the genre, in the way that it places a strong focus on the States as the main actors in law-making and law enforcement in international law. Numerous timely issues in international law are covered in each State Volume. Thus this encyclopedia offers a thorough consideration of the many dimensions of Asian States’ approaches to international matters. Iran Volume is also included in the book which will be briefly analyzed in this book review. In this brief text, I will try to give a short overview of the book’s main points and discuss some detailed opinions about it.https://ijicl.qom.ac.ir/article_2327_044dd5ae55edcb89d4599df0e01d81a3.pdf