Biersteker TJ, Eckert SE and Tourinho M (eds), Targeted Sanctions: The Impacts and Effectiveness of United Nations Action (CUP 2016)
Burns WJ, The Back Channel: A Memoir of American Diplomacy and the Case for Its Renewal (Random House 2019)
Cortright D and Lopez G, The Sanctions Decade: Assessing UN Strategies in the 1990s (Lynne Rienner 2000)
Drezner DW, The Sanctions Paradox: Economic Statecraft and International Relations (CUP 1999)
———, The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War (Princeton University Press 2023)
Giumelli F, Coercing, Constraining and Signalling: Explaining United Nations and European Union Sanctions after the Cold War (ECPR Press 2011)
Haggard S and Noland M, Hard Target: Sanctions, Inducements, and the Case of North Korea (Stanford University Press 2017)
Hart HLA, The Concept of Law (2nd edn, Clarendon Press 1994)
Nephew R, The Art of Sanctions: A View from the Field (Columbia University Press 2018)
Orford A, International Authority and the Responsibility to Protect (CUP 2011)
Proukaki EK, The Problem of Enforcement in International Law: Countermeasures, the Non-Injured State and the Idea of International Community (Routledge 2011)
Shaw MN, International Law (9th edn, CUP 2021)
Van den Herik L, International Sanctions: Between Law and Politics (OUP 2017)
Chapters in Edited Books
Borozna A and Kochtcheeva V, ‘Annexation of Crimea: Western Sanctions and Russia’s Response (2014–2021)’ in War by Other Means (Palgrave Macmillan 2024)
Journal Articles
Amuzegar J, ‘Iran’s Economy and the US Sanctions’ (1997) 51 Middle East Journal 185
Biersteker TJ, ‘Targeted Sanctions and Individual Human Rights’ (2010) 65 International Journal 99
Bronckers M and Wouters J, ‘Unilateral Sanctions in International Law’ (2017) 114 American Journal of International Law 48
Chinkin C, ‘The Legitimacy of Economic Sanctions as a Tool for Peace Enforcement’ (2001) 10 European Journal of International Law 75
Egger P and others, ‘Analysing the Effects of Economic Sanctions: Recent Theory, Data, and Quantification’ (2024) 32 Review of International Economics 1
Esfandiary D, ‘The Failure of US Sanctions on Iran’ (2021) 97 International Affairs 77
Floyd R and Webber M, ‘Making Amends: Emotions and the Western Response to Russia's Invasion of Ukraine’ (2024) 100 International Affairs 1149
Fukuda S, ‘Spillover Effects of Ruble’s Turmoil on Foreign Exchange Markets after the Invasion of Ukraine’ (2024) 57 Applied Economics 1
Gordon J, ‘The UN Sanctions Regime and Its Impact on Iraq’ (2004) 56 Middle East Journal 611
Gurvich E and Prilepskiy I, ‘The Impact of Financial Sanctions on the Russian Economy’ (2015) 1 Russian Journal of Economics 359
Jamnejad M and Wood M, ‘The Principle of Non-Intervention’ (2009) 22 Leiden Journal of International Law 345
Mearsheimer JJ, ‘Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault: The Liberal Delusions That Provoked Putin’ (2014) 93 Foreign Affairs 77
Milov V, ‘Beyond the Headlines: The Real Impact of Western Sanctions on Russia’ (2023) 22 European View 1
Morgan TC and others, ‘Economic Sanctions: Evolution, Consequences, and Challenges’ (2023) 37 Journal of Economic Perspectives 1
Özgür O and Evgeniia S, ‘Consequences of Economic Sanctions: The State of the Art and Paths Forward’ (2021) 23 International Studies Review 1646
Park JS, ‘The Key to the North Korean Targeted Sanctions Puzzle’ (2014) 37 Washington Quarterly 199
Roberts A, ‘Economic Sanctions and International Law’ (2001) 13 Ethics & International Affairs 45
Rodríguez F, ‘The Humanitarian Consequences of Economic Sanctions on Venezuela’ (2020) 98 Foreign Affairs 32
Schmidt J, ‘The Legality of Unilateral Extra-territorial Sanctions under International Law’ (2022) 27 Journal of Conflict and Security Law 53
White ND, ‘The Legality of Economic Sanctions Under International Law’ (2020) 24 Journal of Conflict & Security Law 15
Wollast R and others, ‘Russians’ Attitudes towards the War in Ukraine’ (2025) 55 European Journal of Social Psychology 119
Yazdi-Feyzabadi V and others, ‘Direct and Indirect Effects of Economic Sanctions on Health: a Systematic Narrative Literature Review’ (2024) 24 BMC Public Health 2242
Newspaper Articles and Online News Sources
Berman N, ‘Two Years of War in Ukraine: Are Sanctions Against Russia Making a Difference?’ (Council on Foreign Relations, 23 February 2024)
Maloney S, ‘Trump’s Iran Sanctions Are Failing’ (Brookings Institution, 15 July 2019)
Prokopenko A, ‘Can the Digital Ruble Shield Russia from Western Sanctions?’ (Carnegie Russia Eurasia Centre, 17 October 2024)
Salem H, ‘Ukraine and Russia Call Truce before Crimea Referendum’ The Guardian (16 March 2014)
Reports and Institutional Publications
Bank of Russia, Annual Report (2015)
Centre for Economic Policy Research, ‘The Impact of Sanctions on the Russian Economy’ (CEPR Discussion Paper No DP10571, 2015)
Human Rights Watch, ‘Crimean Tatars Face Unfounded Terrorism Charges’ (12 July 2019)
———, ‘A Threshold Crossed: Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution’ (2021)
ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (2001)
Kilcrease E, Bartlett J and Wong A, ‘Sanctions by the Numbers: Economic Measures against Russia Following Its 2022 Invasion of Ukraine’ (Center for a New American Security, 16 June 2022)
Levada Center, ‘The War in Ukraine: Russian Public Opinion’ (2022)
Volkov D and Kolesnikov A, ‘The War in Ukraine: Russian Public Opinion’ (Levada Center, 2022)
World Bank Group, Russia Economic Report: Trade Strengthens Ahead of Ukraine Conflict (March 2022)
World Trade Organisation, World Trade Statistic Review: Russia Merchandise Trade Volume Increased by 22% in 2021 (2022)
International Treaties and Agreements
Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund (adopted 22 July 1944, entered into force 27 December 1945) 2 UNTS 39
Charter of the United Nations (adopted 26 June 1945, entered into force 24 October 1945) 1 UNTS XVI
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (adopted 15 April 1994, entered into force 1 January 1995) 1867 UNTS 187
Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (adopted 15 April 1994, entered into force 1 January 1995) 1867 UNTS 154
Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (adopted 26 December 1933, entered into force 26 December 1934) 165 LNTS 19
UN Documents
ILC, ‘Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts’ (2001) UN Doc A/56/10
UNGA Res 75/233 (21 December 2020) UN Doc A/RES/75/233
UNSC Res 661 (6 August 1990) UN Doc S/RES/661
UNSC Res 748 (31 March 1992) UN Doc S/RES/748
UNSC Res 1506 (12 September 2003) UN Doc S/RES/1506
UNSC Res 1973 (17 March 2011) UN Doc S/RES/1973
Cases
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v United Arab Emirates) (Judgment) [2019] ICJ Rep 1
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Uganda)(Judgment) [2005] ICJ Rep 168
Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States of America v Iran) (Judgment) [1980] ICJ Rep 3
Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council of the European Union (C-402/05 P) EU:C:2008:461
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States of America)(Merits) [1986] ICJ Rep 14
Nada v Switzerland App no 10593/08 (ECtHR, 12 September 2012)
Nuclear Tests (Australia v France) (Judgment) [1974] ICJ Rep 253
The Case of the S.S. “Lotus” (France v Turkey) (Judgment) PCIJ Rep Series A No 10
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